How Machines Are Learning To Make Up their Own Minds

A Spanish research team is working on a significant breakthrough in artificial intelligence.

By Jason Deign
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March 19 , 2012

Mud swirls through water as an undersea robot tries to find the source of a leak from a deep-sea oil well. But something goes wrong: a piece of metal, unseen in the murk, prevents the ‘bot from reaching the damaged area. Unable to complete its objective, the machine gives up.

For machines such as this, which have to operate without orders from their human controllers, dealing with unforeseen circumstances is a problem. The default design solution is to get them to return to base for reprogramming, which costs time and money.

But that is set to change thanks to a team from the Carlos III Universityof Madrid, which is working on how artificial intelligence (AI) can help machines select and prioritize between different tasks, and move on to the next thing on the list if they cannot complete the first.

Disqus: How could thinking machines help us in the future?

In the case of an undersea robot, that means it might be able to complete other useful tasks on site before resurfacing, says Ángel García Olaya, assistant professor at the university. And the process can have applications in other areas, ranging from logistics to tourism.

The team's research, which is critical to the creation of artificial entities recognized as being one of the top 10 technology trendsof the next decade, builds on 20 years of work that has been honed by NASAsince 2004 because of its value for the Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers.

These machines follow programs that were originally devised before they travelled into space, and are now updated from earth via radio.

If a rover is unable to complete a task, its programming may allow it to come up with an alternative plan of action, but the plan would need to be verified by a human operator. NASA was keen to find out if it could improve upon this process.

The resulting branch of AI focuses creating a simplified plan of all actions, stripping out most of the variables.

The plan is nonsensical in a practical sense—it may assume you can be in two places at once, for example—but it provides a fair idea of the costs of each action, which can then be used to prioritize them.

It is also between three and seven times faster than looking at each action in detail, which makes it useful for situations where time is at a premium.

However, says García: "Until now this had only been done with plans that had achievable goals. We have added the capacity to use it for goal selection."

Besides helping underwater robots to come up with a ‘plan B', the process can help logistics systems to work out the best way to complete a complex schedule of deliveries. One of the team's early backers was a Spanish company with a large and complex distribution network.

The team's work has also attracted interest from IActive, a planning technology spinoff of Spain's University of Granada, which is interested in using AI to develop personalized city guidesthat take into account a user's interests and create an itinerary for them.

Last but not least, the European Space Agencyis keen to use the process to optimize the number of experiments its satellites can perform.

"We could have this up and running in experimental robots within a year," says García, "and in submarine robots between one and two years. In areas such as logistics, we could do it now if anyone wants to implement it."

Pressure on Apple Builds Over App Store Fraud

Excerpt from an article in

The New York Times

Friday, March 16, 2012

Pressure on Apple Builds Over App Store Fraud

By EVELYN M. RUSLI and BRIAN X. CHEN

In a little over an hour, Ryan Matthew Pierson racked up $437.71 in iTunes charges for virtual currency that he could use to buy guns, nightclubs and cars in iMobster, a popular iPhone game. One problem: Mr. Pierson, a technology writer in Texas, has never played iMobster.

“This was fraud,” said Mr. Pierson, recalling the November incident. “I woke up, checked my e-mail, and I could see these purchases happening in real time.”

Mr. Pierson raised the issue with Apple and his bank, and the problem was eventually resolved. But his experience is hardly unique, as reflected by hundreds of online complaints saying that Apple’s iTunes Store, and in particular its App Store, which the company portrays as the safest of shopping environments, is not so secure.

The complaints come from consumers like Mr. Pierson, who say that their accounts have been hijacked or that some apps are falsely advertised. And they come from creators of apps, who say they are having to deal with fraudulent purchases that drain their time and resources. Software makers also complain that competition in the App Store has become so brutal that many companies resort to artificially inflating their popularity rankings to grab attention.

It’s a change for Apple, which was once criticized for its micromanaging of the App Store. Now the problem is not too much control, but too little.

“This kind of thing just happens any time a platform is successful,” said David Edery, chief executive of Spry Fox, a small software company that sells games in the App Store. “People start flooding into it and it starts to get crazy.”

The App Store offers more than 600,000 applications for iPhones, iPads and iPod Touches, and has already generated billions in revenue for Apple and its developers. That makes it both the best deal going for software makers and consumers, and also a hulking target for those looking to manipulate the system and cheat people.

Apple declined a request for an interview, but said in a statement that it was working to enhance security. It advised customers whose payment information had been stolen to change their iTunes passwords and to contact their financial institutions.